Ririmi

Cuneiform imuxaka wosungula wa ririmi leri tsariweke.

Khumbi ra Rirhandzu e dorobheni ra Pharisi, laha xivula lexinge "Ndzakurhandza" xitsariweke hi tindzimi ta misava ta.

Ririmi ivuswikoti byo tirhisa tindlela to vulavula, ngopfungopfu vuswikoti byo vulavula exikarhi ka vanhu. Tidyondzo ta Sayensi to vulavula ti vuriwa dyondzo-ririmi.

Tindzimi leti vulavuriwaka emisaveni hinkwayo tihlayiwa kwalomu ka magidi-nthlanu (5,000) kuya eka magidi-nkombo (7,000). Hambi swiritano, nhlayo leyi yinga hambana hikuya hi ku hlawula exikarhi xa tindzimi na tindzin'wana leti humaka eka tindzimi naswona ti yelana. Tindzimi ta ndhavuko tavulavuriwa naswona tithlela ti fungiwa, hambiswiritano swakoteka to hundzuluxa ririmi riyisiwa eka tindlela tin'wana to hundzisa marungula tani hi swifaniso kumbe brayili, kumbe noti. Hikuya himalangutele ya munhu, nhlamuselo ya ririmi yinga hlanganisa na vuswikoti byo dyondza no tirhisa maendlelo yo hundzisa marungula kumbe kuvulavula exikarhi ka vanhu. Tindzimi hiknwato to tisimekiwa eka ndlela yo hlanganisa mifungo na nhlamuselo yokarhi. Tindzimi kuhlanganisa na ririmi ra mavoko, ti fuma ndlela leyi marito ma hleriwaka hayona kuvumba swivulwa kumbe marungula.

Tindzimi ta vanhu tina tinhlamuselo ta migingiriko, kuvuyelela na vundhzawu naswona ti titshege eka vanhu lava tivulavulaka na lava ti dyondzaka. Ndlela leyi ririmi leri vulavuriwaka hi vanhu ri hleriweke hayona ri hlanganisa swivulwa swo tala ngopfu kutlula leswisinga kona eka tindzimi ta swiharhi. Ku ehleketiwa leswaku ririmi ringava risungerile loko vanhu vakhale va sungula ku antswisa tindlela ta vona to hundziselana marungula, naswona vasungula ku vhumba mihleketo na swikongomelo swa van'wana. Kuhluvuka loku kungava ku hatlane na ku kula ka mabyongo naswona ku anerisa xilaveko xa kuhanya swin'we tani hi rixaka. Vanhu vadyondza kuvulavula hi ku ringisa van'wana loko vahari vana, naswona tincece hakanyingi tidyondza kuvulavula loku twalaka loko tiri namalembe manharhu hivukhale. Ririmi i rankoka ngopfu eka mahanyele ya vanhu, hikwalaho ehenhleni ka ku tirhisiwa kuvulavula, rithlela ri tirha kuhlawulekisa vanhu hirixaka naswona rithlela ritirhisiwa ku hungasa.

Ririmi rakula naswona rithlela ti anama hikuhundza ka nkarhi, naswona matimu ya ku cinca ka ririmi manga landzeleriwa hiku ringanisa tindzimi leti vulavulriwaka namunthla na takhale, leswaku ku twisisiwa swiyenge leswi tindzimi ti akiweke no kurisiwa eka swona. Nxaxamelo wa tindzimi leti humaka eka ririmi rokarhi wuvitiwa ndyangu wa ririmi. Ndyangu wa Indo-Yuropa hiwona lowu nga na tindzimi leti vulavuriwaka ngopfu naswona wuhlanganisa Xinghezi, Xirhaxiya na xi Hindi; Ndyangu wa Sino-Tibhethi wuhlanganisa xiMandarini an tindzimi tin'wana ta xiChayina na Xitibhethi; Ndyangu wa Afro-Axiya wu hlanganisa XiArabhu, XiSomali na Xiheveru; Tindzimi ta Vanhu va nkava wa Afrika ti hlanganisa XiSwahili, Xizulu na madzana ya tindzimi leti vulavuriwa e Afrika; Kasi Ndyangu wa Malayi-Polinexiya wuhlanganisa Xi-Indonexiya, XiMaleyi, XiTagalo na madzana ya tindzimi leti vulavuriwaka e Phasifiki; Ndyangu wa Dravidiyani wona wuhlanganisa Xithamili na XiThelugu. Van'wa tidyondzo va vhumba leswaku kwalomu ka 50% ku ya eka 90% ya tindzimi leti a tivulavuriwa ekusunguleni ka lembe xidzana ra makume-mbirhi-n'we (21) manga manyamalarile hi lembe ra 2100.

Minkombo ya le handle

• World Atlas of Language Structures: a large database of structural (phonological, grammatical, lexical) properties of languages
• Ethnologue: Languages of the World inxaxamelo wa tindzimi leti tiviwaka naswona leti hanyaka emisaveni hinkwayo
• Beth Skwarecki, "Vana vadyondza kutwisisa marito exivelekweni", Science, 26 August 2013