Apollo 11
Apollo 11 a ku ri xihaha-mpfhuka lexi a xi fambisiwa hi United States ku sukela hi July 16 ku ya eka July 24, 1969. A ku ri ro sungula ematin'wini leswaku vanhu va fika va tshama
eN'wetini . Commander Neil Armstrong na Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin va wisa Apollo Lunar Module Eagle hi July 20, 1969, hi 20:17 UTC, naswona Armstrong u vile munhu wosungula ku kandziya ehenhla ka N’weti endzhaku ka tiawara ta tsevu na timinete ta 39, hi July 21 hi 02:56 UTC. Aldrin u n’wi joyinile endzhaku ka timinete ta 19, naswona va hete kwalomu ka tiawara timbirhi ni kotara swin’we va ri karhi va kambisisa ndhawu leyi va yi thyeke vito ra Tranquility Base loko va fika va fika va fika va fika emisaveni. Armstrong na Aldrin va hlengelete 47.5 pounds (21.5 kg) ya swilo swa n’weti ku swi vuyisa eMisaveni tanihi leswi muchayeri wa xihahampfhuka Michael Collins a hahaka Command Module Columbia hi ku rhendzeleka ka n’weti, naswona a va ri ehenhla ka N’weti ku ringana tiawara ta 21, timinete ta 36, va nga si tlakuka va ya tlhela va joyina Columbia .
Apollo 11 yi rhumeriwe hi rocket ya Saturn V ku suka eka Kennedy Space Center eXihlaleni xa Merritt, Florida, hi July 16 hi 13:32 UTC, naswona a ku ri vurhumiwa bya vuntlhanu bya vatirhi va nongonoko wa NASA wa Apollo . Xihahampfhuka xa Apollo a xi ri ni swiphemu swinharhu: modula ya xileriso (CM) leyi nga ni khabini ya vampfampfarhuti vanharhu va swilo swa le mpfhukeni, ku nga xiphemu xin’we ntsena lexi tlheleleke eMisaveni; modyuli ya vukorhokeri (SM), leyi a yi seketela modyuli ya swileriso hi ku fambisa, matimba ya gezi, okisijini ni mati; ni modula ya n’weti (LM) leyi a yi ri ni switeji swimbirhi—xiteji xo rhelela xo fika eN’wetini ni xiteji xo tlhandluka leswaku va tlherisela vampfampfarhuti va swilo swa le mpfhukeni eku rhendzelekeni ka n’weti.
Endzhaku ko rhumeriwa eN’wetini hi xiteji xa vunharhu xa Saturn V, vativi va swilo swa le mpfhukeni va hambanise xihaha-mpfhuka lexi na xona kutani va famba masiku manharhu kukondza va nghena eka ku rhendzeleka ka n’weti. Kutani Armstrong na Aldrin va rhurhele e Eagle kutani va fika va dzima eLwandle ra ku Rhula hi July 20. Vativi va swilo swa le mpfhukeni va tirhise xiteji xa Eagle s ascent stage ku tlakuka kusuka ehenhla ka n’weti kutani va tlhela va joyina Collins eka modula ya xileriso. Va lahle Eagle va nga si endla maendlelo lama susumeteleke Columbia ku suka eka ku rhendzeleka ka yona ko hetelela ka 30 ka n’weti ku ya eka ndlela yo tlhelela eMisaveni. [1] Ti tlhelele eMisaveni kutani ti khuluka ehansi eLwandle ra Pacific hi July 24 endzhaku ka masiku yo tlula tsevu va ri exibakabakeni.
Goza ro sungula ra Armstrong ro ya ehenhla ka n’weti ri haxiwile eka TV leyi hanyaka eka vayingiseri va misava hinkwayo. U hlamusele xiendlakalo lexi tanihi "goza rin'we leritsongo eka [munhu], ku tlula kun'we lokukulu eka vanhu." Apollo 11 kahle-kahle yi kombise ku hlula ka United States eka Mphikizano wa le Xibakabakeni ku kombisa ku tlakuka ka ku haha exibakabakeni, hi ku hetisisa pakani ya tiko leyi ringanyetiweke hi 1961 hi Presidente John F. Kennedy, “ku nga si hela khume ra malembe lawa, ya ku wisa munhu.” eN'wetini ni ku n'wi tlherisela eMisaveni a hlayisekile."
- ↑ Orloff 2000, p. 109.
Kungu
[Lulamisa | edit source]Ntlawa
[Lulamisa | edit source]| Ndhawu | Mutivi wa swilo swa le mpfhukeni |
|---|---|
| Lerisa | Neil A. Armstrong |
| Muchayeri wa Modyuli ya Vulawuri | Michael Collins |
| Muchayeri wa Modyuli ya N’weti | Edwin "Buzz" E. Aldrin, Jr. |
Xirho xin’wana ni xin’wana xa Apollo 11 a xi hlanganyerile eka ku haha exibakabakeni emahlweni ka vurhumiwa lebyi, leswi endleke leswaku leyi yi va Crew ya vumbirhi leyi vumbiweke hi Vafambisi va Swihaha-mpfhuka lava nga ni khale (yo sungula a ku ri Apollo 10 ) ematin’wini ya ku haha ka vanhu exibakabakeni.
Collins entiyisweni u hlawuriwile ku va muchayeri wa xihahampfhuka xa Command Module (CMP) xa Apollo 8 kambe u susiwile hikuva a a lava vuhandzuri bya le ndzhaku naswona u siviwe hi Jim Lovell, loyi a a ri mufambisi wa swilo swa le mpfhukeni wa le ndzhaku eka xihahampfhuka xexo . Endzhaku ka loko Collins a basisiwile hi swa vutshunguri naswona a basisiwile leswaku a tlhelela, u averiwe eka xiyimo xa Lovell eka Apollo 11; Tanihi khale ka mufambisi wa swilo swa le mpfhukeni wa Apollo 8, Lovell u tlhele a averiwa eka xiyimo xa Apollo 11’s reserve crew, kambe u tlakusiwile ku va Reserve Commander.
Vatirhi va le vuhlayiselo
[Lulamisa | edit source]| Ndhawu | Mutivi wa swilo swa le mpfhukeni | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Lerisa | James A. Lovell, Jr. | ||
| Muchayeri wa Modyuli ya Vulawuri | William A. Anders | ||
| Muchayeri wa Modyuli ya N’weti | Fred W. Haise, Jr. |
Eku sunguleni ka 1969, Anders u amukele ntirho eka National Space Council, a fika hi August 1969 kutani a tivisa leswaku u ta tshika ntirho kutani a va Mufambisi wa Swihaha-mpfhuka siku rero. Hi nkarhi walowo, Ken Mattingly u hundziseriwe kusuka eka Support Crew kuya eka Train etlhelo ka Anders eka xiyimo xa Reserve Crew Commander loko ko tshuka ku hlwela Apollo 11 ku tlula ku rhumeriwa ka yona loku kunguhatiweke ka July (hi nkarhi walowo Anders anga katsekanga loko a laveka) naswona endzhakunyana a a ta joyina ntlawa wa Lovell naswona eku heteleleni a a averiwe tanihi Control Module Pilot eka vurhumiwa bya Apollo 13.
Xipano xa nseketelo
[Lulamisa | edit source]- Charlie Duke, muhlanganisi (CAPCOM) .
- Ronald Evans (CAPCOM)
- Owen K. Garriott (CAPCOM)
- Don L. Lind (CAPCOM)
- Ken Mattingly (CAPCOM)
- Bruce McCandless II (CAPCOM)
- Harrison Schmitt (CAPCOM)
- Bill Pogue
- Jack Swigert
Matirhelo ya swihahampfhuka
[Lulamisa | edit source]- Cliff Charlesworth (Blue Team), loyi a langutelaka hi nkarhi wa ku rhumeriwa na ku famba en’wetini
- Gene Kranz (Xipano xa Valungu), loyi a a langutela hi nkarhi wo fika ehansi
- Glynn Lunney (Black Team), loyi a a langutela hi nkarhi wa ku tlhandluka ku suka ehenhla.
Vito ra phaswedi
[Lulamisa | edit source]Endzhaku ka loko vatirhi va Apollo 10 va thye xihahampfhuka xa vona xa le xibakabakeni vito ra Charlie Brown na Snoopy, Xandla xa Musirheleri wa Mani na Mani Julian Scheer u tsale papila eka Mulawuri wa Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) a bumabumela ku haha exibakabakeni Vatirhi va Apollo 11 va hungute ku pfumala ka vona vukheta loko va thya swihaha-mpfhuka swa vona mavito . Mavito ya Snowcone na Haystack ya tirhisiwile no tlakusiwa eka vateki va mahungu, kambe Crew yi teke xiboho xo ma cinca.
Modyuli leyi yo lawula yi thyiwile vito ra Columbia hi vito ra Columbiad, ku nga xikepe lexikulu lexi duvuriweke exibakabakeni hi xibamu (na xona xi le Florida) eka novhele ya Jules Verne ya 1865 leyi nge From the Earth to the Moon . Modyuli ya N’weti yi thyiwe vito ra Eagle ku suka eka xinyenyana xa tiko ra United States, ku nga ntsumi ya mpandla, leyi kombisiweke swinene eka vito ra vurhumiwa.
Mfungho
[Lulamisa | edit source]Xikombiso xa vurhumiwa bya Apollo 11 xi endliwile hi Collins, loyi a a lava leswaku xi va xikombiso xa xiendlakalo xa "Peaceful Moon Landing" xa le Amerika.U hlawurile Nghwazi eka xikombiso, a veka rhavi ra Mutlhwari enon’wini wa rona kutani a dirowa ndzhaku ka N’weti laha Misava yi nga ekule endzhaku. Muvulavuleri wa NASA u vule leswaku swikunwana swa Eagle swi languteka swi ri "nyimpi" ngopfu naswona endzhaku ka mbulavurisano wo karhi, rhavi ra Olive ri rhurhiseriwe eka xirhendze xa Eagle. Vatirhi va le xikepeni va teke xiboho xa leswaku nomboro ya Xirhoma ya XI a yi nge twisiseki ematikweni man'wana, kutani va fambe na "Apollo 11" ; Va teke xiboho xo ka va nga veki mavito ya vona eka beji, va tshika xifaniso xi yimela " Hinkwavo lava tirheke ku endla leswaku swi humelela." Mihlovo hinkwayo i ya ntumbuluko, na trim ya wasi na yo tshwuka ehandle ka beji.
Loko mali ya nsimbi ya Eisenhower Dollar yi humesiwa hi 1971, pulani ya swikombiso swa Eagle yi kandziyisiwe endzhaku. Dizayini leyi yi tlhele yi tirhisiwa eka mali ya nsimbi leyitsongo, Susan B. Anthony Dollar leyi kandziyisiweke hi 1979, kahle-kahle khume ra malembe endzhaku ka vurhumiwa bya Apollo 11.
Xitsundzuxo
[Lulamisa | edit source]Switsundzuxo leswi rhwariweke hi Neil Armstrong a swi katsa xiphemu xa mapulanga lexi humaka eka xihaha-mpfhuka xa ximatsi lexi humaka eka xihaha-mpfhuka xo sungula xa Wright Brothers hi 1903 ni xiphemu xa lapi lexi humaka eka ripapa ra xona, swin’we ni beji leyi nyikeriweke hi xivumbeko xa dayimani eka Deke Slayton leyi humaka eka Widows of the Apollo 1 Vatirhi va le xikepeni. Pini leyi ayi fanele ku rhwariwe eka Apollo 1 kutani yi nyikiwa Slayton endzhaku ka mission, kambe endzhaku ka khombo ra ku buluka ka ndzhawu yo rhumela na xilahlo lexi landzeleke, tinoni ti nyikile pin eka Slayton naswona Armstrong u yi tekile na yona eka Apollo 11.