Swihluvi swa mbulavulo

Eka ririmi, xiphemu xa mbulavulo kumbe xiphemu-xa-mbulavulo ( lexi komisiweke tanihi POS kumbe PoS, lexi tlhelaka xi tiviwa tanihi tlilasi ya marito ^[1] kumbe xiyenge xa ririmi ^[2] ) i xiyenge xa marito (kumbe, hi ku angarhela, ya swilo swa marito ) leswi nga na swihlawulekisi swa ririmi leswi fanaka. Marito lama averiweke eka xiphemu xin’we xa mbulavulo hi ntolovelo ya kombisa mahanyelo ya xivumbeko xo fana (ya tlanga swiphemu leswi fanaka endzeni ka xivumbeko xa ririmi ra swivulwa), mikarhi yin’wana mahanyelo ya xivumbeko lama fanaka ya hundza eka ku hundzuka ka swihlawulekisi leswi fanaka hambi ku ri mahanyelo ya nhlamuselo yo fana. Swiphemu swa mbulavulo wa Xinghezi leswi xaxametiweke ngopfu i riviti, riendli, rihlawuri ra riviti, rihlawuri ra riendli, risivi, vundhawu, rihlanganisi, rihlamari, nhlayo, na atikili.

Marito man’wana handle ka xiphemu xa mbulavulo —ngopfu-ngopfu eka ku hlawuriwa ka tindzimi ka manguva lawa, loku hakanyingi ku endlaka ku hambana loku kongomeke ku tlula xikimi xa ndhavuko—ma katsa ntlawa wa marito, ntlawa wa lekizikali ni xiyenge xa marito . Vatsari van'wana va sivela rito ra xiyenge xa lekizikali ku kongomisa ntsena eka muxaka wo karhi wa xiyenge xa xivulwa ; eka vona rito leri ri susa swiphemu sweswo swa mbulavulo leswi tekiwaka tanihi marito ya ntirho, ku fana na maviti. Rito ra tlilasi ya xivumbeko na rona ra tirhisiwa, hambileswi leri ri nga na tinhlamuselo to hambana leti kanetanaka. Titlilasi ta marito ti nga ha hlayiwa tanihi leti pfulekeke kumbe leti pfalekeke : titlilasi leti pfulekeke (hi ntolovelo ti katsa maviti, maendli na mahlamari ya maviti) ti kuma swirho leswintshwa nkarhi hinkwawo, kasi titlilasi leti pfalekeke (ku fana na maviti na swihlanganisi) ti kuma swirho leswintshwa hi xiwelo, loko swi kuma ni ka ntsongo.

Kwalomu ka tindzimi hinkwato ti na titlilasi ta marito, riviti na riendli, kambe ku tlula leswi swimbirhi ku na ku hambana lokukulu exikarhi ka tindzimi to hambana hambana. ^[3] Xikombiso:

Xijapani xi ni mintlawa yo ringana yinharhu ya swihlawulekisi, laha Xinghezi xi nga ni xin’we.
Xichayina, Xikorea, Xijapani na Xivietnam swi na ntlawa wa swihlawulekisi swa mavito .
Tindzimi to tala a ti hambanisi exikarhi ka mahlawuri ya maviti na mahlawuri ya maendli, kumbe exikarhi ka swihlawulekisi swa maviti na maendli (vona riendli ra xiyimo ).

Swihlovo leswi tirhisiweke

The parts of speech Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Archived 2019-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
"Guide to Grammar and Writing". Archived from the original on 9 October 2018.
Martin Haspelmath. 2001. "Word Classes and Parts of Speech." In: Baltes, Paul B. & Smelser, Neil J. (eds.) International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Amsterdam: Pergamon, 16538–16545. (PDF)

↑ Rijkhoff, Jan (2007). "Word Classes". Language and Linguistics Compass (Wiley) 1 (6): 709–726. ISSN 1749-818X. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00030.x. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
↑ Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511805066.
↑ Krueger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.

[rijkhoff2007-1] Rijkhoff, Jan (2007). "Word Classes". Language and Linguistics Compass (Wiley) 1 (6): 709–726. ISSN 1749-818X. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2007.00030.x. Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)

[2] Payne, Thomas E. (1997). Describing morphosyntax: a guide for field linguists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511805066.

[Krueger_2005_35-3] Krueger, Paul (2005). Analyzing Grammar: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-521-01653-7.

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