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Gwava

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Guava na xilayi

Gwava ( /ˈ ɡ w ɑː v ə / GWAH -və ), [1] leri tivekaka tani hi ‘gwava-piyere’ eka tindzhawu to hambana hambana, i mihandzu leyi tolovelekeke ya tropical leyi byariwaka eka tindhawu to tala ta tropical na subtropical. [2] Guava leyi tolovelekeke Psidium guajava (lamula guava, apula gwava) i nsinya lowuntsongo eka ndyangu wa myrtle ( Myrtaceae ), lowu tumbulukaka e Mexico, Central America, Caribbean nale n’walungwini wa Amerika Dzonga . [2] Hi ku ya hi swimilana, ti- gwava i mihandzu .

Vito ra guava ritlhela ri nyikiwa tinxaka tin’wana eka muxaka wa Psidium, kufana na sitruwuberi gwava ( Psidium cattleyanum ) na gwava ra ti xihenga, Feijoa sellowiana . Hi 2024, vuhumelerisi bya misava hinkwayo bya magwava va hlanganise magoza na ti mangosteens ) akuri 62 miliyoni ta mali, leswi nga rhangela hi India leyingana 45% wa ntsengo hinkwawo.

Ntivo-vutomi bya rito

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Rito leri nge gwava ri vonaka ri tirhisiwe ku sukela exikarhi ka lembe-xidzana ra vu-16 . [3] Vito leri ri huma eka Taino, [4] ririmi ra Vaarawak, tanihi guayabo eka murhi wa gwava hi ku tirhisa Xipaniya eka guayaba . [3] Ri cinciwile hi tindzimi to tala ta le Yuropa ni ta le Asia, ri ri ni xivumbeko lexi fanaka. [2]

Masungulo na ku hangalaka

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Magwava masungule kusuka eka ndhawu leyi ku ehleketiwaka leswaku yisuka eMexico, Central America kumbe n’walungu wa South America kuya eka ndzhawu hinkwayo ya Caribbean. [2] [5] [6] Tindzhawu ta vuyimburi ePeru ti humese vumbhoni bya ku byariwa ka guava kusukela hi 2500 BC. [6]

Magwava ma amukeriwile tani hi xibyariwa eka subtropical na tropical Asia, swiphemu swa United States (Florida na Hawaii), tropical Africa na Oceania. [5] Ti guavas ti nghenisiwile e Florida hi lembe xidzana ravu 19 [2] naswona ma byariwa kona kuya fika en'walungwini wa Sarasota, Chipley, Waldo na Fort Pierce . Hambiswiritano, i muhaxi wo sungula wa Caribbean fruit fly naswona tifanele ku sirheleriwa eka ku hlaseriwa eka tindzhawu ta Florida laha xitsotswana lexi xinga kona. [7]

Magwava ma byariwa ematikweni yo hlayanyana ya tropical na subtropical . [2] [5] Tinxaka to hlaya ti byariwa hi ndlela yo xavisa; apula gwava na ti cultivars ta yona hi tona leti xavisiwaka ngopfu emisaveni hinkwayo. [2] Ti gwavas titlhela ti mila edzonga vupela dyambu bya Europe, ngopfu ngopfu e Costa del Sol e Málaga (Spain) nale Greece laha magwava manga byariwa hiku xavisiwa kusukela exikarhi ka lembe xidzana ravu 20 naswona ti andza tani hi ti cultivars. [5] Misinya leyi vupfeke ya tinxaka totala yikota ku tiyisela swinene eka xixika naswona yinga hanya hi ximumu lawa ya titimelaka nyana kutlula 25 °F (−4 °C) kuringana nkarhi wo koma, kambe swimilani leswintsongo swinga endleka swititimela kuya ehansi. [8]

Magwava ma tsakela eka vabyari vale makaya eka tindzhawu ta le matiko xikaya tofana na India, tani hi yin’wana ya mihandzu nyana ya misava ya kahle leyi nga kulaka kuya eka vukulu bya mihandzu eka swibyariwa endzeni ka yindlu. Loko yi byariwa kusuka eka mbewu, misinya ya guava yinga tswala mihandzu eka malembe mambirhi, naswona yinga ya emahlweni yi endla tano kuringana makume mune wa malembe. [2]

Tinxaka

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Muxaka lowu dyiwaka ngopfu, naswona lowu talaka ku vuriwa ntsena tani hi "magwava", i apula gwava ( Psidium guajava ). Magwava i Myrtoideae leti tolovelekeke, letingana matluka yo tiya ya ntima yo tika lawa ya hambaneke, yo olova, ya makluka kuya eka ovate, na 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) ku leha. Swiluva swa kona i swo basa, swi ni swiluva swa ntlhanu ni swiphepherhele swo tala . Mihandzu ya kona i mihandzu leyi nga ni mbewu yo tala . [9]

Barbet ya marhama yo basa yi dya gwava

Tinxaka ta Psidium ti dyiwa hi switsotswana swa Lepidoptera yin’wana, ngopfu ngopfu switsotswana swofana na Ello Sphinx ( Erinnyis ello ), Eupseudosoma aberrans, E.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwxw">&nbsp;</span>involutum, na Hypercompe icasia . Mites, kufana na Pronematus pruni na Tydeus munsteri, switiveka tani hi switsotswana swa swibyariwa swa apple guava ( P. guajava ) naswona kumbexana tinxaka tin’wana. [2] Xitsongwatsongwana xa Erwinia psidii xivanga mavabyi yo bola ya apple guava. [10]

Mihandzu leyi yi byariwa naswona yi tsakeriwa hi vanhu, naswona swiharhi swin’wana swotala swofana na swinyenyani swayi dya, swi hangalasa mbewu hiku olova eka manyoro ya swona. Le Hawaii ku ni guava ya strawberry ( P.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw4w">&nbsp;</span>littorale ) yi hundzuke muxaka wa swimilana lowu hlaselaka hi tihanyi lowu xungetaka ku herisiwa eka tinxaka tin’wana to tlula 100 ta swimilana. [11] [12] Kuhambana na sweswo, tinxaka to hlaya ta ti guava ti hundzuke letinga tala hikokwalaho ka ku onhiwa ka tindzhawu ta vutshamo naswona kwalomu ka yin’we (Jamaican guava, P.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw8Q">&nbsp;</span>dumetorum ) se yi herile.

Tihunyi ta gwava titirhisiwa eka ku tswonga nyama e Hawaii, naswona titirhisiwa eka mphikizano wa barbecue e United States hinkwayo. Le Cuba nale Mexico, matluka ya tirhisiwa eka ti barbecue.

Mihandzu ya gwava, hi ntolovelo4 to 12 centimetres (1.6 to 4.7 in) long, i xirhendzevutani kumbe oval kuya hi muxaka wa tona. [2] Tina nun’hwelo lowu vonakaka naswona lowu tolovelekeke, lowu fanaka na madzovo ya lamula kambe yanga tlhavi ngopfu. Nkumba wa le handle wu nga ha va wu khwaxa, hakanyingi wu ri ni nantswo wo bava, kumbe wu olova ni ku nandziha. Kuhambana exikarhi ka tinxaka, nhlonge yingava na vukulu byihi na byihi, hi ntolovelo yiva ya rihlaza loko yinga se vupfa, kambe yingava yotshuka, maroon kumbe ya rihlaza loko yivupfile. Pulp yale ndzeni yingava yiri yo tsokombela kumbe yotshuka naswona yiva off-white ("white" guavas) kuya eka deep pink ("red" guavas). Mbewu eka pulp yale xikarhi ya hambana hi nhlayo xikan’we naku tiya, kuya hi tinxaka. [2]

Vuhumelerisi bya guava*



2024, millions of tonnes
 India 27.8
 Indonesia 4.1.1
 China 4.1.1
 Mexico 2.6
 Brazil 2.4
 Pakistan 2.1.1
Misava 62.2.2
*includes mangoes and mangosteens. Source: FAOSTAT ya Nhlangano wa Matiko [13]

Humelerisa

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Hi 2024, vuhumelerisi bya misava hinkwayo bya ti guavas akuri 62 million tonnes, leswinga rhangela hi India laha kungana 45% wa ntsengo hinkwawo (tafula; ti mango na ti mangosteens swikatsiwile). Vahumelerisi va vumbirhi akuri Indonesia na China.

Matirhiselo

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  Le Mexico ni le matikweni man’wana ya le Latin Amerika, swakunwa leswi nga agua fresca hakanyingi swi endliwa hi guava. Mihandzu hinkwayo i xiaki xa nkoka eka punch, naswona juzi ya yona yi tala ku tirhisiwa eka ti- sauce to sweka (yo hisa kumbe yo titimela), ti- ales, swilo swo sweka, swakudya swo olova leswi omisiweke, tibara ta mihandzu ni ti- dessert, kumbe ku cheriwa eka chamoy . Pulque de guayaba ("guayaba" i Spanish for guava) i swakunwa leswi tolovelekeke swa xihoko eka tindzhawu leti. [14] 

Ematikweni yo tala, guava yi dyiwa yi nga swekiwanga, hi ntolovelo yi tsemiwa yi va tikotara kutani yi dyiwa ku fana ni apula; yitlhela yi dyiwa na xiphemu xa munyu na phepha, cayenne powder kumbe ku hlanganisiwa ka swipayisisi (masala) . Le Philippines, ku tirhisiwa guava leyi vupfeke loko ku swekiwa sinigang . Guava i swakudya swo olova eCuba tanihi <i id="mwAVU">pastelitos de guayaba</i> ; naswona eTaiwan, a yi xavisiwa emakhoneni yo tala ya switarata ni le timakete ta vusiku hi nkarhi wa maxelo yo hisa, yi fambisana ni tiphakiti ta phoyizeni ya plum leyi omisiweke leyi pfanganisiweke ni chukela ni munyu leswaku yi ta nyuperisiwa. Evuxeni bya Asia, guava yitala ku dyiwa na swihlanganisi swa plum powder leyi omisiweke yo tsokombela na yo tshwuka. Juzi ya guava yi dyiwa ematikweni yo tala. Mihandzu leyi na yona yitala ku katsiwa eka ti salads ta mihandzu.

Hikwalaho ka mpimo wa yona wa le henhla wa pectin, ti guavas ti tirhisiwa ngopfu ku endla swilo swo sweka, swilo leswi hlayisiweke, ti jelly, tijamu, na ti marmalades (swo tanihi goiabada ya le Brazil na bocadillo ya le Colombia na Venezuela ), naswona tanihi jamu ya marmalade leyi phameriwaka eka toast. [2]

Magwava lawo shwuka manga tirhisiwa tani hi xisekelo xa switirhisiwa leswinga na munyu swofana na ti sauces, ku siva matamatisi, ngopfu ngopfu ku hunguta acid. Swakunwa swinga endliwa kusuka eka ku cheriwa ka mihandzu ya gwava na matluka, leswi eBrazil swivuriwaka chá-de-goiabeira, i.e., "tiya" ya matluka ya nsinya wa guava.

Gwava leri ri tolovelekeke leyi nga swekiwangiki i 81% wa mati, 14% wa tikhabohaydreti, 3% wa tiphrotheyini, na 0.5% wa mafurha (tafula). Hi nhlayo ya xikombo ya 100 grams (3.5 oz), gwava yoka yinga swekiwanga yi phakela 285 kilojoules (68 kcal) ya matimba ya swakudya naswona i xihlovo lexi fuweke xa fibre ya swakudya na vitamin C (254% ya Daily Value, DV), na ti levele to ringanela ta folate (12% DV) na potassium (14% DV, tafula). Guava yoka yinga swekiwanga yina lycopene (tafula).

Tikhemikhali ta swimilana

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Matluka ya gwava yana ti carotenoids na polyphenols, kufana na (+)-gallocatechin na leucocyanidin . [15] Tani hileswi tin’wana ta ti phytochemicals leti ti humesaka nhlonge ya mihandzu na muhlovo wa nyama, ti guavas letinga red-orange titala kuva na polyphenol na carotenoid yotala kutlula letinga yellow-green.

Mafurha ya mbewu

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Mafurha ya mbewu ya magwava manga tirhisiwa eka switirhisiwa swa culinary kumbe sasekisa . Yi fuwile hi linoleic acid . [16]

Vutshunguri bya vanhu

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Kusukela hiva 1950s, magwava – ngopfu ngopfu matluka – ya kamberiwile eka swiaki swa tona, swivumbeko swa biological leswinga vaka kona xikan’we na matimu eka vutshunguri bya vanhu . [17]

Switsotswana leswi nga ni switsotswana

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Magwava i man’wana ya ti apula lema tolovelekeke eka mihandzu to fana na A.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAZY">&nbsp;</span>suspensa, leyi vekaka tandza ra yona eka ti guava leti vupfeke ngopfu kumbe leti onhakeke. Kutani switsotswana swa tinyenyana leti swidya mihandzu kufikela loko swikota kuya emahlweni kuya eka xiteji xa pupa . [18] Ku va ni switsotswana leswi swi endle leswaku matiko ya le Amerika Xikarhi ma lahlekeriwa hi timiliyoni ta ikhonomi. [19]

Ti fungal pathogens, Neopestalotiopsis na Pestalotiopsis species i swivangelo swa guava scab e Colombia. [20]

Air layering i ndlela leyi tirhaka yaku hangalasa ximilani xa gwava. Swipfumelela ku humelerisiwa ka swimilani leswintshwa loko swirikarhi swihlayisa swihlawulekisi swa ximilani xa mutswari. Endlelo leri ri katsa ku hlawula rhavi leri hanyeke kahle ku endla xiphemu lexintsongo eka rhavi, naku chela matitwelo yo dzima timintsu ku hlohletela kukula ka timintsu. [21] Kutani rhavi ri phutseriwe hi peat moss leyi tsakamaka kutani ri funengetiwa hi plastiki ku pfuneta ku hlayisa ndzhongho. Endzhaku ka mavhiki yo hlaya, timintsu tita vumbiwa, kutani ximilani lexintshwa xinga tsemiwa eka mutswari kutani xi byariwa emisaveni. Ndlela leyi yi pfuna ngopfu eka gwava hikokwalaho ka ku humelela ka yona lokukulu xikan’we na vuswikoti byo humelerisa swimilani leswi tswalaka mihandzu hiku hatlisa. [22]

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Nakambe vona

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  • Myrteae, rixaka leri nga na guava na swimilani leswi yelanaka swinene leswingana mihandzu ya nyama.
  1. ↑ "Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Morton JF (1987). "Guava". Fruits of Warm Climates. Purdue University. pp. 356–363. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  3. 1 2 "Guava". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2022.
  4. ↑ "Guayaba". deChile.net. 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Psidium guajava (guava)". CABI: Invasive Species Compendium. 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  6. 1 2 Clement, Charles R. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark, eds. The Cultural History of Plants. Routledge. p. 93. ISBN 0415927463.
  7. ↑ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 99. ISBN 1-56164-372-6.
  8. ↑ Sauls JW (December 1998). "Home fruit production – Guava". Texas A&M Horticulture Program. Retrieved 2012-04-17.
  9. ↑ Judd, WS; Campbell, CS; Kellogg, EA; Stevens, PF; Donoghue, MJ (2002). Plant systematics, a phylogenetic approach. Sinauer Associates, Inc. pp. 398–399. ISBN 0878934030.
  10. ↑ Pomini AM; Manfio GP; Araújo WL; Marsaioli AJ. (2005). "Acyl-homoserine lactones from Erwinia psidii R. IBSBF 435T, a guava phytopathogen (Psidium guajava L.)". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 (16): 6262–6265. Bibcode:2005JAFC...53.6262P. PMID 16076103. doi:10.1021/jf050586e. Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Price J (14 June 2008). "Strawberry guava's hold has proven devastating". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  12. ↑ "Leveling the Playing Field in Hawai'i's Native Forests". Conservation Council for Hawai‘i. 2010. Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2014. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ "Production of guavas in 2024; Pick lists by Crops/Regions/Production Quantity/Year". United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database. 2026. Retrieved 22 April 2026.
  14. ↑ Onstott, Jane (2010). National Geographic Traveler: Mexico (in English). National Geographic Books. p. 36. ISBN 9781426205248. "aguas frescas national geographic." Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Seshadri, TR; Vasishta, K (1965). "Polyphenols of the leaves of psidium guava—quercetin, guaijaverin, leucocyanidin and amritoside". Phytochemistry 4 (6): 989–92. Bibcode:1965PChem...4..989S. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86281-0.
  16. ↑ Kobori CN; Jorge N (2005). "Caracterização dos óleos de algumas sementes de frutas como aproveitamento de resíduos industriais" [Characterization of some seed oils from fruits for utilization of industrial residues]. Ciênc Agrotec (in Portuguese) 29 (5): 108–14. doi:10.1590/S1413-70542005000500014. Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ de Boer, HJ; Cotingting, C (2014). "Medicinal plants for women's healthcare in southeast Asia: a meta-analysis of their traditional use, chemical constituents, and pharmacology". J Ethnopharmacol 151 (2): 747–67. PMID 24269772. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.030.
  18. ↑ van Whervin, L. Walter (1974-03-01). "Some Fruitflies (Tephritidae) in Jamaica". PANS Pest Articles & News Summaries 20 (1): 11–19. ISSN 0030-7793. doi:10.1080/09670877409412331.
  19. ↑ Baranowski, Richard; Glenn, Holly; Sivinski, John (1993-06-01). "Biological Control of the Caribbean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)". The Florida Entomologist 76 (2): 245. Bibcode:1993FlEnt..76..245B. ISSN 0015-4040. JSTOR 3495721. doi:10.2307/3495721. Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Solarte, F.; Munoz, C.G.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Alvarez, E. (2018). "Diversity of Neopestalotiopsis and Pestalotiopsis spp., causal agents of guava scab in Colombia.". Plant Disease 102 (1): 49–59. Bibcode:2018PlDis.102...49S. PMID 30673452 Check |pmid= value (help). doi:10.1094/PDIS-01-17-0068-RE. Unknown parameter |hdl-access= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |doi-access= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |hdl= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ "A Step-by-Step Guide to Propagating Guava Plants Through Air Layering". Plants & Gardens. February 8, 2024.
  22. ↑ Reddy, Jagdish (September 6, 2022). "A Guide to Understand Guava Plant/Tree Propagation: Check How this Guide Helps Guava Farmers". www.agrifarming.in.
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